Motion sickness6/11/2023 ![]() It may be one of the only syndromes that persist when nausea is not elicited or has abated. It is characterized by boredom, apathy, failure of initiative, increased irritability, and even changes in personality. The sopite syndrome can persist for hours or even days and when exposure is prolonged even longer. Yawning has recently been shown to be a potential behavioral marker for onset of the sopite syndrome (Matsangas and McCauley 2014b). It refers to the profound drowsiness and persistent fatigue that can follow brief exposures to highly provocative stimulation or prolonged exposures to low-intensity motion stimulation. One facet of motion sickness that often is not recognized is the sopite syndrome (Graybiel and Knepton 1976, Lawson and Mead 1998 Matsangas and McCauley 2014a). 2001 Golding 1998 Golding and Gresty 2013 Kennedy et al. Other assessment scales rate sickness during exposure to visual or virtual stimulation and various forms of transport (Gianaros et al. It includes a wide range of signs and symptoms including cold sweating, pallor of varying degrees, increases in salivation, drowsiness, headache, and even severe pain, as well as nausea and vomiting (Graybiel et al. Figure 1 shows a commonly used scale for identifying and rating symptoms of motion sickness. However, motion sickness comprises a much broader syndrome. Nausea and vomiting typically come to mind when people think of motion sickness. Adequate anti-motion sickness drugs without adverse side effects are not yet available. Substantial progress is being made in identifying the physiological mechanisms underlying the evocation of nausea, vomiting, and anxiety, and a comprehensive understanding of motion sickness may soon be attainable. ![]() The contribution of visceral afferents in relation to vestibular and cerebellar signals in evoking sickness also deserves further exploration. Future goals should include determining why some conflicts are provocative and others are not but instead lead to perceptual reinterpretations of ongoing body motion. However, extending the theory to include conflicts related to visceral afferent feedback elicited by voluntary and passive body motion greatly expands its explanatory range. ![]() A sensory conflict theory can explain many but not all aspects of motion sickness elicitation. Limitations of two popular theories, the evolutionary and the ecological, are described. A fully adequate theory of motion sickness is not presently available. Adaptation procedures that have been developed to increase resistance to motion sickness reduce this time constant. Systematic studies conducted in parabolic flight have identified velocity storage of semicircular canal signals-velocity integration-as being a key factor in both space motion sickness and terrestrial motion sickness. ![]() ![]() Sleep deprivation can also enhance susceptibility. The range of vulnerability in the normal population varies about 10,000 to 1. Motion sickness can occur during exposure to physical motion, visual motion, and virtual motion, and only those without a functioning vestibular system are fully immune. This review describes some of these factors and points out that under normal circumstances, many cases of motion sickness go unrecognized. Motion sickness is a complex syndrome that includes many features besides nausea and vomiting. ![]()
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